MUSCLE CRAMPS IN DOGS Interesting retrospective study published as early view in JVIM by our Italian colleagues. Muscle cramps (MC) are defined as prolonged, involuntary, painful muscle contraction, having acute onset and short duration, lasting from seconds to minutes. MC are considered the clinical manifestation of nerve hyper excitability and characterised by repetitive motor unit action potentials from the simultaneous contraction of a large number of motor units. One of the main differentia