Most of us know the feeling: maybe it is making a difficult phone call, starting a report you fear will be criticized, or preparing a presentation that's stressful just to think about. You understand ...

Motivation generally refers to driving forces within individuals that arouse, maintain, and direct human actions toward engagement and disengagement (Heckhausen & Heckhausen, 2008). It is frequently ...

Instructional behavior plays a key role in learning motivation. In many developing countries, students’ learning motivation needs to be restored, primarily through effective teaching. This research ...