Breast milk is the infant’s source of nutrition, but it is also key to establishing a healthy infant gut microbiome. The bacteria in breast milk prevent gut colonization by pathogens and promote the ...

Over the last decade, pumping breast milk has become an integral part of the American practice of breast-feeding. One study found that 85% of women who breast-feed in the United States use a pump, ...

Expressing may contribute to a parental focus on the measurement of breast milk. Such quantification of breast milk may undermine confidence about the adequacy of milk supply, and may be reflected in ...